Comment on my classmates blog#4

http://tiffanyperal.blogspot.com/2011/03/jessie-js-price-tag-is-my-favorite.html              



                                        

                Tiffany's blog about her favorite music video is really nice.The message of the song is really meaningful.Some thing are cannot be bought by the money. And the world is not only about money. Money is now the cause of all frictions or dispute to everything.Because of money people become insecure,looks like money,greedy and selfish. And the song expressed that money could not buy love and happiness..

A related topic to my term paper#5

                              

                           Sustainable Innovation, understood as the shift of sustainable technologies, products and
services to the market, requires a market creation concept and one common global agenda.
         The challenge is to raise awareness among all actors of the different sectors in order to
realize the innovation potential and to shift to eco-innovations that lead to sustainable
consumption and production patterns.
         Throughout this study prepared within the “Solving the E-Waste Problem (StEP) Initiative”
the focus lies on a consistent set of different types of metals (ferrous and non-ferrous metals)
such as aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd) and gold (Au). Toxic and hazardous
elements are present in e-waste, which are partially drivers for the implementation of sound
collection and treatment processes. Therefore in the discussion of recycling technologies, the
proper handling and treatment of such harmful elements to prevent environmental or health
impact is included. Furthermore, the use and generation of toxic/hazardous substances
during e-waste processing (for example, a mercury-gold amalgam or combined dioxins from
inappropriate incineration) is critically evaluated with respect to the sustainability criteria for
innovative technologies.
        The study, structured in three parts, has the following three main objectives:
(1) Analysis of the market potential of relevant technologies for the e-waste recycling
sector in selected developing countries,
(2) Examination of the application of the ‘Framework for UNEP Technology Transfer
Activities in Support of Global Climate Change Objectives’ in order to foster the
transfer of innovative technologies in the e-waste recycling sector,
(3) Identification of innovation hubs and centres of excellence in emerging economies
relevant for e-waste recycling technologies.
After an introduction to the objectives, scope and methodology of this study, the second
chapter introduces the fundamentals of e-waste recycling, including:
• Significance of e-waste for resource management and toxic control,
• Structure and main steps in the recycling chain,
• Basic objectives to achieve for e-waste recycling,
• Innovation criteria for evaluation of technologies.
         The appropriate handling of e-waste can both prevent serious environmental damage
and also recover valuable materials, especially for metals. The recycling chain for e-waste is
classified into three main subsequent steps: (i) collection, (ii) sorting/dismantling and preprocessing (including sorting, dismantling and mechanical treatment) and (iii) endprocessing. All three steps should operate and interact in a holistic manner to achieve the
overall recycling objectives. The main objectives of e-waste recycling and basic
considerations for innovation are:
• Treat the hazardous fractions in an environmentally sound manner,
• Recover valuable material maximally,
• Create eco-efficient and sustainable business,
• Consider social impact and local context.
            The general criteria to specific requirements for separation and dismantling of e-waste
are given and sustainability attributes used as innovation criteria and to compare current and
innovative technologies are divided into economic, environmental and social aspects.
In the third chapter available pre-processing technologies are described respectively in
three categories of waste equipments: (i) cooling and freezing (C&F) appliances, (ii)
information and communication technologies (ICT) appliances and (iii) monitors and VII
televisions (TVs). End-processing technologies are depicted for printed wiring boards and
small electronic devices, metallic fractions with precious metals, other metallic fractions, and
aluminium, ferrous and lead containing-glass from cathode ray tubes (CRT).
           Current e-waste generation volumes for the selected 11 developing countries have been
estimated, based on the e-waste data of personal computers, printers, mobile phones,
televisions and refrigerators. Future generation of e-waste is estimated accordingly. It is
indicated from the prediction that on average, a linear increase has been found for personal
computers (PCs), TVs and refrigerators among the selected countries, while mobile phone
sales and stocks showed an exponential growth in the past years.
     The market potential is estimated as a function of possible volumes of e-waste available
for recycling and the typical size of a recycling facility adapting a specific technology. Market
potential of innovative pre-processing technologies are evaluated within the three criteria of
(i) manual dismantling/ sorting of fractions, (ii) de-gassing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)/
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HFCs) and (iii) semi-automatic CRT cut and cleaning for the
selected 11 countries. Market potential of innovative end-processing technologies is
assessed by the criteria of integrated smelter for non-ferrous (pyrometallurgical methods)
and aluminium smelter/refiner for the target countries. By examining the actual performance
of the recycling chains of both informal and formal recyclers in the selected countries, it has
been shown that sustainable technologies exist as a result of individual or corporate
initiatives. On the other hand a number of inefficient and unsustainable operations, which
lack environmental, health and safety (EHS) standards and best practices, could have
potential for future implementation of innovation technologies.
        By examining the respective scale of the informal and formal sectors in the selected
countries, the 11 countries have been grouped into three categories. Group A (Kenya,
Uganda, Senegal, Peru) is classified as promising for the introduction of innovative preprocessing technologies with a strong support in capacity building. Group B (India, China) is
classified as having a significant potential for the introduction of pre- and end-processing
technologies with a strong support in capacity building in the informal sector. Group C (South
Africa, Morocco, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil) is classified as having a significant potential to
adapt pre- and to some extent end-processing technologies to their own needs, following a
technology and knowledge exchange.
       Barriers for the transfer of sustainable e-waste recycling technologies have been
identified for each of the target countries for the different dimensions: (i) policy and
legislation, (ii) technology and skills and (iii) business and financing. The listed barriers are
also hindering the implementation of sustainable e-waste management systems in the
countries under analysis.
      By following the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) “Framework for
Analysis: Technology Transfer to address Climate Change”, South Africa and China are
selected to introduce the strategic technology transfer programme for sustainable e-waste
recycling technologies in the fourth chapter.
South Africa and China are identified to be promising examples for the application of the
UNEP technology transfer framework. South Africa features advanced framework conditions
with a strong engagement of the manufacturers and importers industry in e-waste
management. China features large volumes and a large interest in e-waste recycling by the
informal and the formal sector which defines a vibrant selection of technology transfer
opportunities.
      A technology transfer demands for a comprehensive framework considering all issues
around (i) policy and legislation, (ii) technology and skills and (iii) business and financing in VIII                                                                
order to be sustainable. In this respect potential barriers for the introduction of innovative
technologies and intervention mechanisms, which correspond directly and indirectly to the
aforementioned technology transfer issues, were identified and discussed. Regarding policy
and legislation, the main barriers originate from the lack of specific legal frameworks, low
national priority for the topic, conflicting existing legislation and uncoordinated enforcement of
the law. With regard to technology and skills, barriers are primarily defined through the lack
of EHS standards, the strong influence of the informal sector, the lack of collection
infrastructure, cherry-picking activities and low skills and awareness. Additional barriers
assigned to business and financing topics include limited industry responsibility, high costs of
logistics, possible exploitation of workers from disadvantaged communities, crime and
corruption and false consumer expectations.
        Within the fifth chapter existing innovation hubs and knowledge centres of excellence in
emerging economies have been identified in perspectives of involving stakeholders and their
roles in influencing policy, research and industrial development. Relevant framework
conditions and instruments for the development of these hubs and the barriers preventing the
replication of locally developed technologies are analysed.
         Due to the lack of awareness for e-waste recycling in emerging economies, innovation
hubs and centres of excellence have not yet been established. However some organizations
are currently establishing their e-waste competence and have a great potential to develop
into innovation hubs. The current situation in China, India and South Africa indicate that
smaller and less complex economies such as South Africa improve faster in awareness and
competence.
         Crucial instruments and framework conditions for the development of innovation hubs
include the possibility to participate in international knowledge partnerships programmes. It
also has been seen that without clear legal framework and active participation of the
government the development of innovative technologies is hampered. The future success of
technological innovation in environments with strong informal participation strongly depends
on alternative business models with financial incentives, which allow the informal sector to
still participate with “safe” recycling processes, while hazardous operations are transferred to
state-of-the-art formal recyclers. The development of innovation hubs also demand for a fair,
competitive environment with common rules, clearly favouring the development and
application of innovative technologies.



























Acknowledgements
Authors 
Mathias Schluep
Christian Hagelueken
Ruediger Kuehr
Federico Magalini
Claudia Maurer
Christina Meskers
Esther Mueller
Feng Wang
Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research (EMPA) 
Umicore Precious Metal Refining 
United Nations University (UNU) 
Supervision and technical editing 
Guido Sonnemann, UNEP DTIE 
Bas de Leeuw, UNEP DTIE 
Design 
Marcel Locher, UNEP DTIE 
Printing 
Oktoberdruck AG, Berlin, Germany

My favorite music video #3

              I love this video because I can relate to it.I had a lot of crushes since i was in elementary, high and now in the present that I'm in college. And because of that I am always inspired in going to school, I'm always had an interest in going to school because I am always excited in seeing them.Then to feel the feeling that I could not explain. To that way made feel so glad.But even if I fell like that I never attempt to court the because I don't have that confident,even to talk to them I could not do it. Even though I had a lot of plans on to get close to them, still in personal I could not speak even the word "Hai"..In my dreams I just say "Girl you're amazing just the way you are".